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A. DISCUSSION OF BHTKSHUNI ORDINATION RECEIVED FROM SANGHA OF BOTH BHIKSHUS AND BHIKSHUNIS

¡]ALL THE DISCUSSIONS SHOULD BE BASED ON SOURCE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM THE VINAYA ADHERED TO BY THE THREE SCHOOLS¡Aie MULSARVASTIVADA, THERAVADA AND DHARMAGUPTA¡^¤ñ¥C¥§¤G³¡¨ü§Ù

  1. Does a lineage of the bhikshuni vow introduced into China by Sri Lankan bhikshunis in the fifth Century exist unbroken to the present day?¡]5¥@¬ö®É¡A¤¤°ê¦ò±Ð±q´µ¨½Äõ¥d¤Þ¶i¤ñ¥C¥§¤G³¡¨ü§Ùªº¶Ç©Ó¡A¦Ü¤µ¬O§_¨S¦³¤¤Â_¡H¡^

  2. Does the complete and flawless ordination of women require the existence of an unbroken lineage of bhikshuni vows or not? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¶êº¡µL¯Êªº¤ñ¥C¥§¨ü§Ùªk¡A¬O§_»Ý­n¥Ñ¶Ç©Ó¨S¦³¤¤Â_ªº¤ñ¥C¥§²{«e¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

  3. During a period in which the lineage of bhikshuni ordination was absent for nearly twelve years, women were ordained as bhikshunis by a sanghas consisting only of bhikshus. Following this, ordination of bhikshunis was conducted by a sanghas consisting of bhikshus and bhikshunis. Does the bhikshuni ordination conducted by such a sangha result in uncorrupted and pure vows,or does it result in corrupted and impure vows? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta? ¡]¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¶Ç©Ó¡A°ß±q¤@³¡¨ü¡A¶¡¹j12¦~¡A¤~±q¤G³¡¨ü¡A¦p¦¹¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¶Ç©Ó¡A¬O§_¥i±o²M²bµL¬V¤§§ÙÅé¡H©Î·|³y¦¨³y¦¨¬V¦Ãªº§ÙÅé¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H(¦b²Ä¤@¦¸ªº¤@³¡¨ü§Ù«á¡A®É¹j¤Q¤G¦~¤§«á¡A¦A±q²Ä¤@¨ü§Ùªº¤ñ¥C¥§¤¤±À¿ï§Ù®v¤Q¤H©Î¤­¤H¡A¾á¥ô¤G³¡¨ü¨ãªº¶Ç§Ù¡C)

  4. Is it necessary for a woman to seek a sangha ofboth bhikshus and bhikshunis to receive bhikshuni ordination? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¤k©Ê¬O§_¤@©w»Ý­n´M¨D¤G³¡²³ªº¹¬¹Î¨Ó¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

  5. Is it appropriate for a woman to receive the vows of full ordination as a bhikshuni wiout havving previously received the shikshamani probationary vow as basis? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¤k©Ê¦b¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¤§«e¡A­YµL¨ü¦¡¤e¼¯¨º§Ù¡A¬O§_¾A·í¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

  6. Is it permissible for a woman to receive the bhikshuni vows without having previously received the brahmacharya vows? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¤k©Ê¦b¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¤§«e¡A­YµL¨ü±ë¦æ§Ù¡]¨FÀ±¥§§Ù¡^¡A¬O§_¾A·í¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

  7. Is it permissible for a sangha consisting only of bhikshus to bestow the vows of shikshamani? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¤ñ¥C¹¬¹Î¶Ç¦¡¤e¼¯¨º§Ù¬O§_¾A·í¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

  8. In the case of a woman receiving full ordination as abhikshuni from asangha of both bhikshus and bhikshunis, is it necessary that the concened bhikshus and bhikshunis be present together in one place at the same time? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¤ñ¥C¥§¤G³¡¨ü§Ù®É¡A¬O§_»Ý­n¤ñ¥C¡B¤ñ¥C¥§¦P®É¡B¦P¦a²{«e¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

  9. In order to train the mindstream of a shikshamani prior to receiving the bhikshuni vows, is receiving Brahmacharya vows a necessary preliminary prerquisite? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¤§«e¡A¨ü¦¡¤e¼¯¨º§Ù¡F¨ü¦¡¤e¼¯¨º§Ù¤§«e¡A¬O§_»Ý­n¨ü±ë¦æ§Ù¡]¨FÀ±¥§§Ù¡^¬°«e¤è«K¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

  10. Is it permissible for a sangha consisting only of bhikshus to bestow the vow of a novice nun?¡]¤ñ¥C¤@³¡²³¶Ç¨FÀ±¥§§Ù¬O§_¾A·í¡H¡^

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B. DISCUSSION OF ORDINATION OF BHIKSHUNIS IMPARTED BY A SANGHA CONSISTING ONLY OF BHIKSHUS.¡]THE DISCUSSION SHOULD BE BASED ON SOURCE MATERLALS DERIVED FROM THE VINAYA ADHERED TO BY THE THREE SCHOOLS, ie MULASARVASTIVADA,THERAVADA AND DHARMAGUPTA¡^.¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù

  1. Does a woman receive a pure uncontaminated bhikshuni vow, if it is imparted by sangha consisting of only bhikshus? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¬O§_¥i±o²M²bµL¬V¤§§ÙÅé¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

  2. Does a bhikshuni ordination conducted by a sangha consisting only of bhikshus sangha resultin corrupted and impure vows? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¬O§_·|³y¦¨¬V¦Ãªº§ÙÅé(§Ù«~¤£¨¬)¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

  3. Is ordination of bhikshunis by a sangha consisting only of bhikshus deemed proper and permissible? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¬O§_¾A·í©Î¥i¦æ¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

  4. Is it necessary for a woman to receive brahmacharya vows before she is ordained as a bhikshuni by a bhikshu sangha? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¡A¬O§_»Ý­n¹w¥ý¨ü±ë¦æ§Ù¡]¨FÀ±¥§§Ù¡^¡H¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

  5. The first Chinese bhikshuhi, after receiving full ordination as a bhikshuni from a sangha consisting only of bhikshus, was again ordained by a sangha consisting of both bhikshus and bhikshunis. Is there a clear source for this in the Chinese vinaya texts?¡]²Ä¤@¦ì¥ý¤@³¡¨ü§Ù«á¡A¦A¨ü¤G³¡ªº¤¤°ê¤ñ¥C¥§¡A¬O§_¦³©ú½Tªº«ß¨å®Ú¾Ú¡H¡^

  6. The practice of a sangha consistiing only of bhikshus conduction bhikshuni ordination¡]involving¡^a large number of women is becoming widespread in some Buddhist countries. What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]¤@³¡¨ü§Ùªkªº³\¦h¤ñ¥C¥§¡A¼s§G©ó¬Y¨Ç¦ò±Ð°ê®a¡A¤T³¡¡]®Ú¦³¡B¤W®y¡BªkÂá^«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H¡^

C. DISCUSSIONS OF THE MULASARVASTlVADlN TRADITION OF BHIKSHU SANGHA IMPARTING BHLKSHUNI ORDINATION IN TIBET.¡]ALL DISCUSSIONS SHOULD BE BASED ON SOURCE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM THE VINAYA ADHERED TO BY THE THREE SCHOOLS¡Aie MULSARVASTIVADA, THERAVADA AND DHARMAGUPTA¡^¦èÂîڦ³³¡¤ñ¥C¹¬¹Î¶Ç±Â¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù

  1. In the absence of the lineage of bhikshuni ordination, is it proper and permissible for a sangha consisting only of bhikshus to impart bhikshuni ordination? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]°²¦p¯Ê¥F¤ñ¥C¥§²{«e¡A¤ñ¥C¹¬¹Î¬O§_¥i¥H¶Ç±Â¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¡H¡^

  2. According to some historical records, in fifteenth century Tibet, women who were fully ordained asbhikshunis by a sangha consisting only of bhikshu had to receive brahmacharya vows, which were by definition to be bestowed by a sangha of bhikshunis. Since that could not take place, it is said that full ordination of women did not take place. Are there sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya systems which address this reasoning?¡]®Ú¾Ú¦³¨Ç¥v®Æ¡A¦èÂæb15¥@¬ö¡A¤k©Ê±q¤ñ¥C¤@³¡¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¡F¦b¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§¤§«e¡A¥²¶·¨ü±ë¦æ§Ù¡]¨FÀ±¥§§Ù¡^¡A¦¹³Q©w¸q¬°¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¡C¦ý¬O¡A¦¹¤£¥i¯àµo¥Í¡A¥ç§Y¡A¤ñ¥C¥§¨ã¨¬§Ù¨Ã¨S¦³²£¥Í¡C©ó¤T³¡§Ù«ß¤¤¡A¬O§_¦³®Ú¾Ú»¡©ú¦¹¨Æªº¦X²z©Ê¡H¡^

  3. According to the rules of the Mulasarvastivadin school, is it permissible for a bhikshu sangha to give a woman brahmacharya vows? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]®Ú¦³«ß¬O§_¤¹³\¤ñ¥C¹¬¹Î¶Ç±ë¦æ§Ù¡]¨FÀ±¥§§Ù¡^¡H¨ä¥¦¤G³¡«ß¡]¤W®y¡BªkÂá^®Ú¾Ú¦ó¦b¡H¡^

  4. Is the bhikshuni ordination imparted by a sangha consistiong only of bhikshus permissible according to the rules of Mulasarvastivadin schools? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]®Ú¦³«ß¬O§_¤¹³\¤ñ¥C¹¬¹Î¤@³¡¶Ç¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¡H¨ä¥¦¤G³¡«ß¡]¤W®y¡BªkÂá^®Ú¾Ú¦ó¦b¡H¡^

  5. Is there a source in the scriptures of the Mulasarvastivadin system that the bhikshuni ordination imparted by a sangha consistino only of bhikshus results in a corrupted and impure vow? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]®Ú¦³«ß¬O§_©ú½T°O¸ü¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù·|³y¦¨¬V¦Ãªº§ÙÅé¡H¨ä¥¦¤G³¡«ß¡]¤W®y¡BªkÂá^®Ú¾Ú¦ó¦b¡H¡^

  6. Is there a source in the scriptures of theMulasarvastivadin school which states that a bhikshuni ordination conducted by a sangha consisting only of bhikshus results in a pure and unadulterated vow? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, theMulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta?¡]®Ú¦³«ß¬O§_©ú½T°O¸ü¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¥i±o²M²bµL¬V¤§§ÙÅé¡H¨ä¥¦¤G³¡«ß¡]¤W®y¡BªkÂá^®Ú¾Ú¦ó¦b¡H¡^

  7. I wonder what sort of vinaya sources support the claim that the ordination of bhikshunis by a sangha consisting only of bhikshus was practised in Tibet in the fifteenth century?¡]§ÚÃhºÃ¬O§_¦³¦óºØ«ß¨å¤ä«ù¦èÂéó15¥@¬ö®É¡A¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ùªº»¡ªk¡H¡^

  8. In the past, in Tibet, the bhikshuni vow was granted by a sangha conisting only of bhikshus. Is there a provision for reviving the bhikshuni vow according to the Mulasarvastivadin vinaya? Lf there is such a provision, what are the sources and the procedures for reviving it, mentioned in the vinaya? If there is no such provision, please describe the sources in the vinaya against granting such a vow?¡]¹L¥h¦èÂäñ¥C¥§¤¹³\¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¡A®Ú¾Ú®Ú¦³«ß¡A¬O§_¬°«ì´_¤ñ¥C¥§§Ùªº¤@ºØ·Ç³Æ¡A°²¦p¬O¤@ºØ·Ç³Æªº¸Ü¡A¦b§Ù«ß¤¤¡A¬°«ì´_¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¡A¦³¦ó®Ú¾Ú»Pµ{§Ç¡H°²¦p¤£¬O¤@ºØ·Ç³Æªº¸Ü¡A½Ð´£¥X«ß¨å®Ú¾Ú¡A¤Ï¹ï¤¹³\¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¡H¡^

¡@

Summary¡]ºK­n¡^

  1. There was a tradition of the bhikshuni vow from Sri Lanka prevalent in China during the fifth century.Today,can we find an unbroken transmission of this tradition?¡]5¥@¬ö®É¡A¤¤°ê¦ò±Ð±q´µ¨½Äõ¥d¤Þ¶i¤ñ¥C¥§¤G³¡¨ü§Ùªº¶Ç©Ó¡A¦Ü¤µ¬O§_¨S¦³¤¤Â_¡H¡^

  2. In fourth century China,there was a system in which the imparting of the bhikshuni vow and the preceding preliminary acceptance [into a monastery] were conducted only by a community of bhikshus. This was prevalent in the past in China, and the practice persists today. Sometimes, there is a practice of taking the full vows and the preceding preliminary [actions or novice vows] from a sangha consisting of both bhikshus and bhikshunis.¡]¤¤°ê¦b4¥@¬ö®É¡A¤ñ¥C¤@³¡²³¶Ç¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¤Î«e¤è«K¡]¦¡¤e¼¯¨º¡B¨FÀ±¥§§Ù¡^¡A¦¹²±¦æ©ó¹L¥h¡A¤D¦Ü¤µ¤é¡C¦³®É¤ñ¥C«h¤G³¡²³¶Ç¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¤Î«e¤è«K¡]¦¡¤e¼¯¨º¡B¨FÀ±¥§§Ù¡^¡^

¡@

Agenda:¡]ijµ{¡^

Are there reliable sources for these points? Are they reasonable according to the Dharmagupta Vinaya tradition and reliable commentaries belonging to this tradition? What have the great masters of Vinaya of the past had to say on these points?¡]³o¨ÇÆ[ÂI¬O§_¦³¥i«Hªº®Ú¾Ú¡H®Ú¾ÚªkÂ󡪺«ßÂûPµù²¨¡A¬O§_¦X²z¡H¥j¥Nªº«ß®v­Ì¡A¹ï³o¨ÇÆ[ÂIªº¬Ýªk¦p¦ó¡H¡^

It is said that in fifteenth century Tibet, very devout women received full ordination from a sangha consisting of ten bhikshus, including an upadhyaya and acharya. Is there a text that clarifies this history and is there any way of reviving this tradition according to the Dharmagupta vinaya, or are there ways to reintroduce it?¡]¾Ú»¡¡A¦èÂÃ15¥@¬ö®É¡A´¿¦³«H¤k±q¤Q¦ì¡]§t©M©|»PªüìG¾¤¡^¤ñ¥CÃä¨ü¨ã¨¬§Ù¡A¬O§_¦³¨åÄyÃÒ©ú¦¹¨Æ¡H®Ú¾ÚªkÂó¡§Ù«ß¡A¦³¦ó¤èªk«ì´_¦¹¶Ç²Î¡H©ÎªÌ¡A¦³¦ó¤èªk¦A­«·s¤Þ¶i¡H¡^

The two main points for the discussion are:¡]°Q½×­«ÂI¦³¤G¡G¡^

  1. Are there proper sources in the three specific vinaya traditions ssuch that the complete and pure bhikshuni vow can be generated if the vow is bestowed by a sangha consisting only of bhikshus? Or, What are the sources in the three vinaya traditions which permit says it is acceptable or unacceptable for the bhikshuni vow to be bestowed by a sangha consisting only of bhikshus?¡]­Y¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¡A¬O§_¥i±o²M²bµL¬V¤§§ÙÅé¡H¤T³¡«ß¨å¤¤¡A¬O§_¦³¾A·íªº®Ú¾Ú¡H¤S¡A¤T³¡«ß¨å¤¤¡A¬O§_¦³®Ú¾Ú¡A¤¹³\©Î¤Ï¹ï¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¡H¡^

  2. A bhikshunisangha from Sri Lanka went to China in the fifth century and established a new tradition of the bhikshuni vow there. ls there or is there not a way of ascertaining whether or not an unbroken lineage of this vow exists?¡]5¥@¬ö®É¡A´µ¨½Äõ¥d¤ñ¥C¥§¹¬«e©¹¤¤°ê¡A¦]¦Ó«Ø¥ß·sªº¤ñ¥C¥§¶Ç©Ó¡C¯à§_¬d©ú¦¹¶Ç©Ó¬O§_¦³¤¤Â_¡H¡^

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  6. Vinaya Pitakam (ed. H. Oldenberg) Cullavagga X,2.1, pp. 257¡C­^Ķ THE BOOK OF THE DISPLINE (tr. I. B. Horner) vol. V p. 357¡C¤éĶ¡m«n¶Ç¤jÂøg¡n«ßÂÃ4¡App.383¡C

  7. Vinaya Pitakam (ed. H. Oldenberg) Cullavagga X,17.1-2, pp. 271-272¡C­^Ķ THE BOOK OF THE DISPLINE (tr. I. B. Horner) vol. V p.375¡C¤éĶ¡m«n¶Ç¤jÂøg¡n«ßÂÃ4¡App.403-404¡C

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